Pardon my Wiki here, but the information about the development of the area is pretty cool, so… learn something - Approximately 75 million years ago the Earth’s climate was warmer than it is now, and a shallow sea covered much of the region we know as the Great Plains. Stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada and from western Iowa to western Wyoming, this sea teemed with life. In today's Badlands the bottom of that sea appears as a grayish-black sedimentary rock called the Pierre (pronounced "peer") shale. This layer is an incredibly rich source of fossils, for creatures sank to the bottom of the sea when they died and over a long course of time became fossils. Within the park, the fossilized remains of a variety of animals have been found. Baculites, an extinct cephalopod, had a squid-like body with a long cylindrical shell tightly coiled at the one end. Inside the shell were individual chambers containing either gas or liquid for buoyancy control. Clams, crabs and snails in great numbers have also been found. Outside the park, the Pierre shale has yielded abundant remains of ancient fish; mosasaurs, giant marine lizards; pterosaurs, flying reptiles; Hesperonis, a diving bird something like a modern loon. Why have the rocks inside the park, which are so rich in invertebrate fossils, yielded so few marine creatures with backbones? Questions like these puzzle paleontologists and earth scientists who continue to search in hope of answering some of the questions about the park's and Earth's rich past.
Today, after a heavy rainstorm in the Badlands, vivid red bands stand out against the buff tones of the buttes. Geologists and paleontologists tell us that these are fossilized soils, which make up much of the Badlands rocks. Fossil soils can tell us a great deal about the climate history of the Badlands; they also impart much of the colorful banding to Badlands rocks. Perhaps the best of all, the loose, crumbling rocks formed from these ancient soils hold one of the greatest collections of fossil mammals on Earth.
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